United States Army in World War II
Mediterranean Theater of Operations
Sicily and the Surrender of Italy
by
Albert N. Garland
and
Howard McGaw Smyth
Assisted by
Martin Blumenson
CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY
UNITED STATES ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C., 1993
. . . to Those Who Served
(As of 15 June 1963)
Washington and Lee University |
U.S. Continental Army Command |
Yale University |
Industrial College of the Armed Forces |
University of Oregon |
U.S. Army War College |
Duke University |
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College |
Emory University |
United States Military Academy |
Yale University |
Brig. Gen. Hal C. Pattison, Chief of Military History
Chief Historian | Stetson Conn |
Acting Chief, Histories Division | Lt. Col. Paul W. Phillips |
Chief, Editorial and Graphics Division | Lt. Col. James R. Hillard |
Editor in Chief | Joseph R. Friedman |
Contents
Foreword | vii | ||
The Authors | viii | ||
Preface | ix | ||
PART ONE Background and Plans |
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---|---|---|---|
Chapter | Page | ||
I. | Allied Strategy in the Mediterranean | 1 | |
Casablanca: The Decision for Sicily | 1 | ||
TRIDENT: Beyond Sicily | 12 | ||
Algiers–And Italy? | 23 | ||
The Surrender Problem | 25 | ||
II. | The Axis on the Defensive | 27 | |
The Italo-German Alliance | 27 | ||
The Disintegration of Fascism | 39 | ||
The Allied Threat | 44 | ||
III. | Preparations and Preliminaries | 52 | |
The Beginnings | 52 | ||
The Plan | 58 | ||
Other Factors | 63 | ||
IV. | The Axis Situation | 69 | |
Pantelleria | 69 | ||
Growing German Strength | 73 | ||
The Defenses of Sicily | 75 | ||
V. | Final Allied Preparations | 88 | |
Missions and Forces | 88 | ||
Seventh Army Plans | 96 | ||
Naval and Air Plans | 105 | ||
The Final Days | 108 | ||
PART TWO Operations and Negotiations |
|||
VI. | The Assault | 115 | |
The Airborne Operations | 115 | ||
The Seaborne Operations | 119 | ||
VII. | The First Day | 147 | |
The Axis Reaction | 147 | ||
The Battle | 150 | ||
The Beaches | 156 | ||
VIII. | The Axis Threat | 163 | |
IX. | Airborne Reinforcement | 175 | |
X. | The Beachhead Secure | 185 | |
Straightening Out the Sag | 185 | ||
On to the YELLOW Line | 189 | ||
XI. | Continuing the Campaign: The Decisions | 202 | |
Sixth Army and OB SUED | 202 | ||
The Allied Problem: How to Continue | 205 | ||
Comando Supremo and OKW | 211 | ||
XII. | Seventh Army Changes Directions | 218 | |
The Eighth Army Attempt To Break Through | 218 | ||
The II Corps Front | 219 | ||
Agrigento | 224 | ||
Army Directive of 15 July 1943 | 230 | ||
Discord and Harmony | 234 | ||
XIII. | The Drive to the Climax | 239 | |
The Feltre Conference | 239 | ||
Planning the Western Sweep | 244 | ||
The Pounce on Palermo | 250 | ||
Denouement | 254 | ||
XIV. | The Climax | 258 | |
Sardinia Versus the Mainland | 258 | ||
The Overthrow of Mussolini | 263 | ||
Allied Reaction | 268 | ||
Rome: Open City | 278 | ||
XV. | Dissolution of the Rome-Berlin Axis | 281 | |
Badoglio’s First Moves | 281 | ||
Friction Along the Alps | 288 | ||
The Italian Course is Changed | 295 | ||
XVI. | The Drive to the East | 300 | |
Developing an East Front | 300 | ||
Axis Reactions | 306 | ||
Nicosia | 309 | ||
Along the North Coast | 316 | ||
XVII. | The Battle of Troina | 324 | |
XVIII. | Breaking the San Fratello Line | 348 | |
XIX. | Evacuation | 368 | |
The Tarvis Conference | 368 | ||
The Italian Dilemma | 371 | ||
The Decision to Evacuate Sicily | 374 | ||
Allied Reaction | 378 | ||
The Evacuation Begins | 382 | ||
XX. | Brolo | 388 | |
XXI. | The End of the Campaign | 406 | |
The Race to Messina | 406 | ||
Conclusions | 417 | ||
Patton | 425 | ||
PART THREE The Surrender |
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XXII. | The QUADRANT Conference and the Quebec Memorandum | 435 | |
Strategic Issues at Quebec | 435 | ||
The Mission of General Castellano | 440 | ||
The Quebec Memorandum | 446 | ||
Approval of the Long Terms | 448 | ||
XXIII. | The Surrender Preliminaries | 451 | |
The Zanussi Mission | 451 | ||
Castellano at Lisbon | 455 | ||
Zanussi’s Negotiations in Lisbon and Algiers | 461 | ||
Thoughts in Rome | 465 | ||
XXIV. | The Italian Decision | 469 | |
ACHSE | 469 | ||
The Parleys at Cassibile | 474 | ||
The Decision at Rome | 479 | ||
XXV. | The Armistice | 482 | |
The Signature | 482 | ||
Planning GIANT II | 485 | ||
Second Thoughts in Rome | 489 | ||
XXVI. | The Renunciation | 497 | |
“Innocuous” | 498 | ||
The Announcement | 505 | ||
XXVII. | The Surrender | 510 | |
Badoglio’s Announcement | 510 | ||
Flight of the King and High Command | 513 | ||
Interpretations | 519 | ||
XXVIII. | The Dissolution | 522 | |
German Reaction | 522 | ||
The Battle for Rome | 524 | ||
Dissolution of the Italian Armed Forces | 532 | ||
Mussolini | 536 | ||
XXIX. | The Second Capitulation | 540 | |
Mission to Brindisi | 540 | ||
The Long Terms | 543 | ||
Malta | 549 | ||
Epilogue | 552 | ||
Appendix | |||
A. | Composition of American Forces | 555 | |
B. | The Quebec Memorandum | 556 | |
C. | Short (Military) Terms in General Eisenhower’s Possession on 6 August 1943 | 558 | |
D. | Additional Conditions (Long Terms) Signed on 29 September 1943 | 559 | |
Bibliographical Note | |||
Glossary | |||
Basic Military Map Symbols | |||
Index |
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