Syrian Arab Republic and allies
- Syrian Armed Forces
- Syrian Arab Army
Republican Guard
- Lionesses of Defense Armored Battalion
- 100th Artillery Regiment
- 101st Infantry “Security” Regiment
- 102nd Infantry “Security” Regiment
- 102nd Commando Regiment
- 103rd Commando Brigade
- 104th Airborne Regiment
- 105th Mechanized Brigade
- 106th Mechanized Brigade
- 124th Special Forces Brigade
- 800th Regiment
- 30th Division
- Popular Security and Support Forces[2]
- 4th Armoured Division
- Special Forces Command[better source needed]
- 1st Corps
- 2nd Corps
- 3rd Corps
- 4th Corps
- 5th Corps
17th Division
18th Armoured Division
Syrian Arab Air Force
Syrian Arab Navy
National Defence Forces
Golan Regiment
- Fist Battalion
- Quneitra Hawks Brigade
- al-Shaitat tribe militias
- Local Defence Forces[10][18]
- Military Intelligence Directorate
- Military Security Shield Forces
- Desert Commandos Regiment[23]
- Lions of Hamidiya[24]
- Forces of the Fighters of the Tribes[25]
- Falcons of the Euphrates[26]
- Air Force Intelligence Directorate
- Guardians of the Dawn
- Lions of the Cherubim
- Earthquake of Jobar
- Ararat Group
- Lions of the Valley
- Intervention Regiment
- Lions of Dwel’a
- Lions of the Cherubim
- Khaybar Brigade[27]
- Nusur Homs Regiment[28]
- Guardians of the Dawn
- Syrian Arab Army
Police forces
- Ministry of Interior
- Political Security Directorate
- Criminal Security Directorate
- Syrian Special Mission Forces
Allied armed groups:
- Vanguard for the Popular Liberation War
- Syrian Social Nationalist Party
- Amal Movement[32]
- Arab Nationalist Guard[33][34]
- Syrian Resistance[35]
- Falcons of the Jazira and Euphrates[36]
- Army of Monotheist[30]
Forces of Abu Ibrahim[37]- Bayraq al-Suwayda[38]
Sootoro- Jaysh al-Sha’bi[39]
PFLP–GC[40]
Jerusalem Brigade[41]
Galilee Forces[42]
- Badr Brigades[43][better source needed]
Fatah al-Intifada[44]- Palestine Liberation Army[45]
- Ba’ath Brigades
- Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas[46]
- Liwa Fatemiyoun[48]
- Hazrat-e Abolfazl Brigade[49]
- Liwa Zainebiyoun[50]
- Fulfilled Legion[51]
Houthis[52] (2013)- Loyalist Army[53]
- al-Jabal Brigade[54]
- Jalamid Urman Brigade
- al-Zaghaba
- Ammar bin Yasir
- al-Suqur
- al-Basha
- Qalamoun Shield Forces[55][13][56][57]
- Homeland Protection Forces[57]
- Saladin Brigade[61]
- Lions of Hussein Brigade[62]
- Shield of the Coast[63]
- Shield of the Lion’s Lair [63]
- Brigades of the Den[64][65]
- al-Hosn[63]
- al-Mukhtar Company[66]
- al-Berri tribe militias[67][68]
- Tayy tribe militias[69]
- Al-Baggara tribe militias[70]
- Raqqawi tribe militias
- al-Jihesh tribe militias[71]
- Syrian National Resistance (2016–17)
- Kafr Saghir Martyrs Brigade
- Far-right volunteers[74][75][76]
- Slavonic Corps[77][78] (2013)
- Syrian Hezbollah
- Russian Armed Forces
- Russian Air Force
- Russian Navy
- General Staff
- GRU
- Special Operations Command
- Russian Ground Forces
- Russian Airborne Troops
Popular Mobilization Forces-affiliated militias
- Kataib Sayyid al-Shuhada
- Badr Organization[107]
- Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq[107]
- Kata’ib Hezbollah[108]
- Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
- Peace Companies[111]
- Kata’ib al-Imam Ali
- Iraqi Liberation Movement[112]
- Force 313[112]
- Promised Day Brigade
- Zulfiqar Brigade[113][114]
Armament support:
Iraq (limited airstrikes on ISIL in eastern Syria, 2017)
Syrian opposition and allies
Syrian opposition affiliated rebel groups
- Tahrir al-Sham
- Ahrar al-Sham
- Army of Free Men
- Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement
- Southern Front
- Army of Islam
- al-Rahman Legion
- Free Idlib Army
- 1st Brigade of Damascus
- Levant Legion
- Martyrs of Islam Brigade
- Authenticity and Development Front
- Unification Army
- Company of the People of the Levant
- Army of Free Tribes
- Al-Qaratayn Martyrs Brigade
- Badia Forces[129][130][better source needed]
- Revolutionary Commando Army[131]
- Criterion Brigades
National Front for the Liberation of Syria[132]- Unified Syrian Army[133]
- Syrian Liberation Front[134]
- Sword of God Brigade
- Idlib Martyrs Brigade
- Saad ibn Muaz Brigade
- Katibat Dar’ Muhammad
- Ali ibn Abi Talib Battalion
- Saraya al-Handase
- Islamic Union of the Soldiers of the Levant (2013–2017)
21st Combined Force (2014–2017)- Abu Amara Battalions Covert Special Tasks Force
- Deir ez-Zor Liberation Brigade[137]
- Islamic Freedom Brigade[138]
Army of Victory[139]
Army of Glory- 23rd Division[140]
Elite Army- 2nd Army[136]
- 46th Division
- 312th Division
- 314th Company
- Central Division[141]
- National Liberation Movement[141][136]
Elite Division[142]
1st Coastal Division
Police forces
- Free Syrian Police
- Free Police[144]
- Special Forces[145]
Allied armed groups:
Grey Wolves[146][147][148]
Muslim Brotherhood
- Muslim Brotherhood of Syria[149]
- Shields of the Revolution Council (until 2014)
Hamas[150][151][152] (2012–13)
- Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis (until 2015)
Free Iraqi Army[153][154][155] (2012–14)
People’s Mujahedin of Iran[156] (2013)
Joint operations rooms:[157]
- Northern Homs Countryside Operations Room[158][159]
-
Turkey-backed rebel groups
Armament support:
Qatar[160][161]
Saudi Arabia[160][162]- Turkey
United States (until 2017)[163][164][165]
France[166]
Libya (until 2014)[167]
CJTF-OIR (against ISIL, 2014–17)
Turkey (against SDF, against ISIL, 2015–17)
Turkish Army
- Third Army
- 57th Commando Regiment[170]
- Third Army
Turkish Air Force- Turkish Naval Forces[171]
- General Staff
Russia (only in support of Turkey against ISIL, 2017)
Israel (limited airstrikes on SAA and Hezbollah in southwestern Syria)
Salafi Jihadist groups
Levant Liberation Committee
Soldiers of the Caucasus[173][174]- Soldiers of the Mahdi[175][176]
Caucasus Emirate[177]
Turkistan Islamic Party[178]
Ansar al-Islam splinter faction[179]
Jamaat Bayt al-Maqdis al-Islamiya[180]- Malhama Tactical
- Soldiers of the Levant (until 2016)
- Ghuraba al-Sham (2013)[181]
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan[182] (2013)
Fatah al-Islam (2012)[183][184][185]- Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance (until 2015)[186]
Liwaa al-Umma (until 2015)
Support:
Democratic Federation of Northern Syriaand allies
- People’s Protection Units (YPG)
- Women’s Protection Units (YPJ)
- Anti-Terror Units
- Shammer tribe militias[193]
- Elite Forces[194][195]
- Saadallah al-Jabiri Battalion[196]
Army of Revolutionaries
- Kurdish Front
- Martyr Qasim Areef Battalion[200]
- Division 30 remnants[201]
Seljuq Brigade
- Hammam Turkmen Martyrs Brigade[202]
- Homs Commandos Brigade
- 99th Infantry Brigade
- 455th Special Tasks Brigade
- Tribal Forces[203][204]/[205]
- Northern Democratic Brigade[206]
- Shahba Forces[207]
- Northern Sun Battalion
- Euphrates Brigades
- Soldiers of the Two Holy Mosques Brigade
- Euphrates Martyrs Brigade
- Dam Martyrs Brigade
- Al-Qusais Brigade
- Manbij Turkmen Brigade
Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa
- Generous Raqqa Battalion[208]
- Raqqa Hawks Brigade
- Raqqa Martyrs Brigade[212]
- Jazeera Knights[213]
Liwa Owais al-Qorani remnants[214]- Free Officers Union[215][216]
- Liberation Brigade
- Tell Abyad Revolutionaries Brigade
- Free Raqqa Brigade
- Free Tabqa Brigade[217]
- Umanaa al-Raqqa Brigade
- Harun al-Rashid Brigade
- Euphrates Liberation Brigade
Manbij Revolutionaries Battalion- Manbij Hawks Brigade
- Free Jarabulus Battalion
- Euphrates Jarabulus Battalions
- Jarabulus Hawks Battalion[218]
Al-Bab Military Council Female Battalion[219]- Al-Bab Revolutionary Front
- Qebasîn Martyrs Brigade
- Al-Bab Countryside Martyrs Battalion
- Free Arima Battalion
- Martyr Silo al-Rai Brigade
- Kieba Martyrs Brigade
Syriac Military Council (MFS)
Khabour Guards
- Martyr Joel Hanna[223][224][better source needed]
- Nattoreh
- Martyr Amara Arab Women’s Battalion[225]
- Battalion of Karachok Martyrs[226]
- al-Shaitat tribe militias [227]
- Badia Hawks Brigade[228]
- Revolutionary Forces[229]
- Harabiyya tribe militias[230]
- Ajeel tribe militias[231]
- Al-Baggara tribe militias
- Zubayd tribe militias[232]
Police forces
- Asayish[233]
- SWAT Units (HAT)[234]
Sutoro[235]- Bethnahrain Women’s Protection Forcespolice branch
- Raqqa Internal Security Forces[236]
Civilian defence units
- Self-Defense Forces (HXP)[237]
- Military Discipline Units
- Special Forces[238]
Civilian Defense Force (HPC)[239]
Allied armed groups:
Kurdistan Workers’ Party
- International Freedom Battalion[240][241]
TKP-Kıvılcım[252]
International Anti-Fascist Battalion
Sinjar Resistance Units
Êzîdxan Women’s Units
Military councils:
- Manbij Military Council
- al-Bab Military Council[254]
Jarabulus Military Council[255]- Deir ez-Zor Military Council[256]
Armament support:
Iraqi Kurdistan
- France[258]
- United States[259]
- Russia[260][261]
- Syria (until 2017)[262][263][264][265][266][267]
Czech Republic[268]
CJTF-OIR (against ISIL)
- United States[269]
- United Kingdom[270]
- France[271]
Australia[272]
Netherlands[273]
Germany[274]
Norway[275]
Jordan[276]
Russia[281][282][283][284][285][286]
(against ISIL and Turkish-backed rebels, 2015–17)
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and allies
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
- Military of ISIL
- Khalid ibn al-Walid Army[287]
Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade (until 2016)[288][289][290]- Islamic Muthanna Movement (until 2016)[291]
Jaysh al-Jihad (until 2016)[292]
- Dokumacılar[293][294]
Soldiers of al-Aqsa (until 2017)[295]- Liwa Dawud (until 2014)[296][297]
- Group of the One and Only (until 2016)
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